{"id":130,"date":"2024-12-03T11:01:17","date_gmt":"2024-12-03T11:01:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/?page_id=130"},"modified":"2026-06-22T13:12:35","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T13:12:35","slug":"research_foundation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/research_foundation\/","title":{"rendered":"Research Foundation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n \r\n \r\n The Theory Behind CSD | Cyber Innovations Ltd.<\/title>\r\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\r\n <link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\r\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Tilt+Neon&family=Nunito:wght@300;400;600;700&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\r\n <style>\r\n\r\n \/*\r\n \u250c\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2510\r\n \u2502 All selectors scoped to .ci-theory \u2014 overrides \u2502\r\n \u2502 WordPress \/ Elementor \/ Astra global styles without \u2502\r\n \u2502 affecting the rest of the site. \u2502\r\n \u2514\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2518\r\n *\/\r\n\r\n :root {\r\n --th-charcoal: #26424c;\r\n --th-charcoal-dk: #1c3038;\r\n --th-charcoal-lt: #35576a;\r\n --th-magenta: #b542fa;\r\n --th-magenta-dk: #8a2fd4;\r\n --th-magenta-lt: #f5e8ff;\r\n --th-aqua: #78f7f5;\r\n --th-white: #ffffff;\r\n --th-offwhite: #f7f9fa;\r\n --th-border: #dde4e8;\r\n --th-text: #1a2e36;\r\n --th-muted: #546e7a;\r\n --th-max: 1160px;\r\n --th-radius: 10px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory *, .ci-theory *::before, .ci-theory *::after { box-sizing: border-box; }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory {\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-text) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.75;\r\n margin: 0; padding: 0;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory h1, .ci-theory h2, .ci-theory h3, .ci-theory h4 {\r\n font-family: 'Tilt Neon', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-weight: 400 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-text) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.2;\r\n margin: 0;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory p { margin: 0; }\r\n .ci-theory a { text-decoration: none; }\r\n .ci-theory ul { list-style: none; margin: 0; padding: 0; }\r\n .ci-theory img { max-width: 100%; display: block; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 HELPERS \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-section { padding: 5rem 2rem; background: var(--th-white); }\r\n .ci-theory .th-section.alt { background: var(--th-offwhite); }\r\n .ci-theory .th-section.dark { background: var(--th-charcoal); }\r\n .ci-theory .th-container { max-width: var(--th-max); margin: 0 auto; }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-label {\r\n display: block;\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.72rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.13em;\r\n text-transform: uppercase;\r\n color: var(--th-magenta) !important;\r\n margin-bottom: 0.75rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-section.dark .th-label { color: var(--th-aqua) !important; }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-title {\r\n font-size: clamp(1.75rem, 3vw, 2.4rem) !important;\r\n color: var(--th-text) !important;\r\n margin-bottom: 1.25rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-section.dark .th-title { color: var(--th-white) !important; }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-body {\r\n font-size: 1.05rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-muted) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.8;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-section.dark .th-body { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.78) !important; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 BUTTONS \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .btn-primary {\r\n background: var(--th-magenta) !important;\r\n color: var(--th-white) !important;\r\n padding: 0.9rem 2.25rem;\r\n border-radius: var(--th-radius);\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n font-size: 0.95rem;\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n border: none;\r\n transition: filter 0.2s, transform 0.15s;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .btn-primary:hover { filter: brightness(1.1); transform: translateY(-1px); }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .btn-aqua {\r\n background: var(--th-aqua) !important;\r\n color: var(--th-charcoal-dk) !important;\r\n padding: 0.9rem 2.25rem;\r\n border-radius: var(--th-radius);\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n font-size: 0.95rem;\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n border: none;\r\n transition: filter 0.2s, transform 0.15s;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .btn-aqua:hover { filter: brightness(1.08); transform: translateY(-1px); }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .btn-outline-white {\r\n background: transparent !important;\r\n color: var(--th-white) !important;\r\n padding: 0.9rem 2.25rem;\r\n border-radius: var(--th-radius);\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-weight: 600 !important;\r\n font-size: 0.95rem;\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n border: 2px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45) !important;\r\n transition: border-color 0.2s;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .btn-outline-white:hover { border-color: var(--th-white) !important; }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .btn-text {\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.92rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-magenta-dk) !important;\r\n display: inline-flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n gap: 0.35rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .btn-text:hover { color: var(--th-magenta) !important; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 HERO \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero {\r\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--th-charcoal-dk) 0%, var(--th-charcoal) 30%, #4d1f7a 65%, #8a2fd4 100%);\r\n padding: 6rem 2rem 5rem;\r\n position: relative;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero::before {\r\n content: '';\r\n position: absolute;\r\n bottom: -20%; left: -5%;\r\n width: 500px; height: 500px;\r\n background: radial-gradient(circle, rgba(120,247,245,0.06) 0%, transparent 65%);\r\n pointer-events: none;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-inner {\r\n max-width: var(--th-max);\r\n margin: 0 auto;\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n gap: 4rem;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n position: relative;\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 820px) {\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 3rem; }\r\n }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-pill {\r\n display: inline-flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n gap: 0.5rem;\r\n background: rgba(120,247,245,0.12);\r\n border: 1px solid rgba(120,247,245,0.3);\r\n color: var(--th-aqua) !important;\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.72rem;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.12em;\r\n text-transform: uppercase;\r\n padding: 0.4rem 1.1rem;\r\n border-radius: 999px;\r\n margin-bottom: 1.75rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-pill span {\r\n width: 6px; height: 6px;\r\n background: var(--th-aqua);\r\n border-radius: 50%;\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero h1 {\r\n font-size: clamp(2.4rem, 5vw, 3.6rem) !important;\r\n color: var(--th-white) !important;\r\n margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\r\n line-height: 1.1;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero h1 em {\r\n font-style: normal;\r\n color: var(--th-aqua) !important;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-sub {\r\n font-size: 1.1rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: rgba(255,255,255,0.85) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.75;\r\n margin-bottom: 2.5rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-ctas {\r\n display: flex;\r\n gap: 1rem;\r\n flex-wrap: wrap;\r\n margin-bottom: 3rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* Hero right: model overview card *\/\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-card {\r\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.07);\r\n border: 1px solid rgba(120,247,245,0.2);\r\n border-radius: 16px;\r\n padding: 2.25rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-card-label {\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.7rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.12em;\r\n text-transform: uppercase;\r\n color: var(--th-aqua) !important;\r\n margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-models {\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n gap: 1.25rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-model {\r\n display: flex;\r\n gap: 1rem;\r\n align-items: flex-start;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-model-num {\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n width: 28px; height: 28px;\r\n background: rgba(120,247,245,0.15);\r\n border: 1px solid rgba(120,247,245,0.3);\r\n border-radius: 6px;\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n justify-content: center;\r\n font-family: 'Tilt Neon', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.82rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 400 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-aqua) !important;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-model-text strong {\r\n display: block;\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.92rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-white) !important;\r\n margin-bottom: 0.25rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-model-text p {\r\n font-size: 0.83rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: rgba(255,255,255,0.65) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.5;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-card hr {\r\n border: none;\r\n border-top: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.1);\r\n margin: 1.5rem 0;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-citation {\r\n font-size: 0.8rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: rgba(255,255,255,0.55) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.6;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-citation a {\r\n color: var(--th-aqua) !important;\r\n font-weight: 600 !important;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hero-citation a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 OVERVIEW STRIP \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-overview-strip {\r\n background: var(--th-offwhite);\r\n border-top: 1px solid var(--th-border);\r\n border-bottom: 1px solid var(--th-border);\r\n padding: 3rem 2rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-overview-inner {\r\n max-width: var(--th-max);\r\n margin: 0 auto;\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n gap: 2rem;\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 720px) {\r\n .ci-theory .th-overview-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-overview-item {\r\n padding: 1.5rem;\r\n background: var(--th-white);\r\n border: 1px solid var(--th-border);\r\n border-top: 3px solid var(--th-magenta);\r\n border-radius: var(--th-radius);\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-overview-item h4 {\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.9rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-charcoal) !important;\r\n margin-bottom: 0.5rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-overview-item p {\r\n font-size: 0.88rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-muted) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.65;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 MODEL SECTIONS (alternating layout) \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-grid {\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n gap: 5rem;\r\n align-items: start;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-grid.reverse { direction: rtl; }\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-grid.reverse > * { direction: ltr; }\r\n @media (max-width: 820px) {\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-grid,\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-grid.reverse { grid-template-columns: 1fr; direction: ltr; gap: 3rem; }\r\n }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-img-wrap {\r\n border-radius: 14px;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n border: 1px solid var(--th-border);\r\n box-shadow: 0 4px 24px rgba(38,66,76,0.1);\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-img-wrap img {\r\n width: 100%;\r\n height: auto;\r\n display: block;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-img-caption {\r\n background: var(--th-offwhite);\r\n padding: 0.75rem 1rem;\r\n font-size: 0.78rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-muted) !important;\r\n font-style: italic;\r\n line-height: 1.5;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-content { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 1.25rem; }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-tag {\r\n display: inline-block;\r\n background: var(--th-magenta-lt);\r\n color: var(--th-magenta-dk) !important;\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.68rem;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.1em;\r\n text-transform: uppercase;\r\n padding: 0.25rem 0.85rem;\r\n border-radius: 999px;\r\n }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-content h2 {\r\n font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 2.8vw, 2.1rem) !important;\r\n color: var(--th-charcoal) !important;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-section.dark .th-model-content h2 { color: var(--th-white) !important; }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-content p {\r\n font-size: 1rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-muted) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.8;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-section.dark .th-model-content p { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.78) !important; }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-points {\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n gap: 0.85rem;\r\n padding: 1.5rem;\r\n background: var(--th-offwhite);\r\n border-radius: var(--th-radius);\r\n border: 1px solid var(--th-border);\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-section.dark .th-model-points {\r\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05);\r\n border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.08);\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-points li {\r\n display: flex;\r\n gap: 0.65rem;\r\n align-items: flex-start;\r\n font-size: 0.92rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-text) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.6;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-section.dark .th-model-points li { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.82) !important; }\r\n .ci-theory .th-model-points li::before {\r\n content: '';\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n width: 16px; height: 16px;\r\n margin-top: 3px;\r\n background-image: url(\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg' viewBox='0 0 16 16' fill='%23b542fa'%3E%3Cpath d='M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06-1.06L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0z'\/%3E%3C\/svg%3E\");\r\n background-size: contain;\r\n background-repeat: no-repeat;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 HIOC SECTION \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-hioc-grid {\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: repeat(3, 1fr);\r\n gap: 1.5rem;\r\n margin-top: 2.5rem;\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 780px) { .ci-theory .th-hioc-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; } }\r\n @media (max-width: 480px) { .ci-theory .th-hioc-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; } }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-hioc-card {\r\n background: var(--th-white) !important;\r\n border: 1px solid var(--th-border);\r\n border-top: 4px solid var(--th-magenta);\r\n border-radius: var(--th-radius);\r\n padding: 1.5rem;\r\n transition: box-shadow 0.2s, transform 0.15s;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hioc-card:hover { box-shadow: 0 6px 24px rgba(38,66,76,0.1); transform: translateY(-2px); }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-hioc-card h4 {\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.92rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-charcoal) !important;\r\n margin-bottom: 0.5rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hioc-card p {\r\n font-size: 0.87rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-muted) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.65;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-hioc-card .th-hioc-icon {\r\n width: 36px; height: 36px;\r\n background: var(--th-magenta-lt);\r\n border-radius: 8px;\r\n display: flex;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n justify-content: center;\r\n margin-bottom: 0.85rem;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 CONNECTIONS STRIP \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-connect {\r\n background: var(--th-charcoal);\r\n padding: 4rem 2rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-connect-inner {\r\n max-width: var(--th-max);\r\n margin: 0 auto;\r\n display: grid;\r\n grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n gap: 4rem;\r\n align-items: center;\r\n }\r\n @media (max-width: 780px) { .ci-theory .th-connect-inner { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 3rem; } }\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-connect-flow {\r\n display: flex;\r\n flex-direction: column;\r\n gap: 0.75rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-connect-step {\r\n background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05);\r\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08);\r\n border-radius: 10px;\r\n padding: 1rem 1.25rem;\r\n display: flex;\r\n gap: 1rem;\r\n align-items: flex-start;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-connect-step-num {\r\n flex-shrink: 0;\r\n font-family: 'Tilt Neon', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 1.1rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 400 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-aqua) !important;\r\n line-height: 1;\r\n padding-top: 2px;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-connect-step strong {\r\n display: block;\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.9rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-white) !important;\r\n margin-bottom: 0.2rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-connect-step p {\r\n font-size: 0.83rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: rgba(255,255,255,0.65) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.55;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-connect-arrow {\r\n text-align: center;\r\n color: rgba(255,255,255,0.2) !important;\r\n font-size: 1.1rem;\r\n margin: 0.1rem 0;\r\n line-height: 1;\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 CITATION \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-citation-box {\r\n background: var(--th-offwhite);\r\n border: 1px solid var(--th-border);\r\n border-left: 5px solid var(--th-magenta);\r\n border-radius: var(--th-radius);\r\n padding: 2rem 2.5rem;\r\n margin-top: 2rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-citation-label {\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif !important;\r\n font-size: 0.68rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 700 !important;\r\n letter-spacing: 0.12em;\r\n text-transform: uppercase;\r\n color: var(--th-magenta) !important;\r\n margin-bottom: 0.75rem;\r\n display: block;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-citation-ref {\r\n font-size: 0.95rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: var(--th-text) !important;\r\n line-height: 1.7;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-citation-ref a {\r\n color: var(--th-magenta-dk) !important;\r\n font-weight: 600 !important;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-citation-ref a:hover { text-decoration: underline; }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 HLKC FULL-WIDTH \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n @media (max-width: 820px) {\r\n .ci-theory .th-hlkc-header { grid-template-columns: 1fr !important; }\r\n }\r\n\r\n \/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 CTA BANNER \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\r\n\r\n .ci-theory .th-cta-banner {\r\n background: linear-gradient(135deg, var(--th-charcoal-dk) 0%, var(--th-charcoal) 30%, #4d1f7a 65%, #8a2fd4 100%);\r\n padding: 5.5rem 2rem;\r\n text-align: center;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-cta-banner h2 {\r\n font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3.5vw, 2.6rem) !important;\r\n color: var(--th-white) !important;\r\n margin-bottom: 1rem;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-cta-banner p {\r\n font-size: 1.1rem !important;\r\n font-weight: 300 !important;\r\n color: rgba(255,255,255,0.82) !important;\r\n max-width: 540px;\r\n margin: 0 auto 2.5rem;\r\n line-height: 1.75;\r\n }\r\n .ci-theory .th-cta-btns { display: flex; gap: 1rem; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: center; }\r\n\r\n <\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n<div class=\"ci-theory\">\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<!-- HERO -->\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<section class=\"th-hero\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-inner\">\r\n <div>\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-pill\">\r\n <span><\/span> Research Foundation\r\n <\/div>\r\n <h1>The <em>theory<\/em> behind Cyber Self Defence<\/h1>\r\n <p class=\"th-hero-sub\">Cyber Self Defence is not built on general guidance or best practice. It is grounded in two original conceptual models developed through academic research: the Human Layer Kill Chain and Human Indicators of Compromise. Together they explain why people behave as they do before, during, and after a cyber incident, and how to design training that makes a measurable difference.<\/p>\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-ctas\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/cyber-self-defence\/\" class=\"btn-primary\">Explore Cyber Self Defence<\/a>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2505.24685\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"btn-outline-white\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the Published Paper<\/a>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-card\">\r\n <p class=\"th-hero-card-label\">Two original models<\/p>\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-models\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-model\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-model-num\">01<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-model-text\">\r\n <strong>Human Layer Kill Chain (HLKC)<\/strong>\r\n <p>Maps the attacker's progression through human vulnerabilities, identifying where and how people can intervene at each stage of an attack.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-model\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-model-num\">02<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-model-text\">\r\n <strong>Human Indicators of Compromise (HIOCs)<\/strong>\r\n <p>Observable signs in human behaviour that signal a cyber incident is unfolding, extending technical IoC frameworks into the human layer.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-model\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-model-num\">03<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-hero-model-text\">\r\n <strong>Sociotechnical Kill Plane (STKP)<\/strong>\r\n <p>Integrates the HLKC with the technical Cyber Kill Chain, creating a unified map of attacks across both human and technical dimensions.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <hr>\r\n <p class=\"th-hero-citation\">\r\n Katos, V., Rosenorn-Lanng, E., et al. (2025). <em>The Human Layer Kill Chain.<\/em> arXiv preprint.\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2505.24685\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">View on arXiv →<\/a>\r\n <\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<!-- OVERVIEW STRIP -->\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<div class=\"th-overview-strip\">\r\n <div class=\"th-overview-inner\">\r\n <div class=\"th-overview-item\">\r\n <h4>Why the human layer matters<\/h4>\r\n <p>Over 74% of data breaches involve a human element. Yet most frameworks model only the technical kill chain. The HLKC and HIOCs fill that gap by mapping human behaviour with the same rigour as technical indicators.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-overview-item\">\r\n <h4>How these models inform CSD<\/h4>\r\n <p>Every element of Cyber Self Defence, from the training activities to the Toolkit playbooks, is structured around HLKC stages and HIOC categories, so participants learn to recognise and respond at every point in an attack.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-overview-item\">\r\n <h4>Published and citable<\/h4>\r\n <p>This is not proprietary methodology. The models are published on arXiv (Katos et al., 2025) and available for use in academic, policy, and practice contexts, with a full DOI publication pathway underway.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<!-- MODEL 1: HUMAN LAYER KILL CHAIN -->\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<section class=\"th-section\">\r\n <div class=\"th-container\">\r\n\r\n <!-- Header row: label + title + intro + bullet cols -->\r\n <div style=\"display:grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 3.5rem; align-items: start; margin-bottom: 2.5rem;\" class=\"th-hlkc-header\">\r\n <div>\r\n <span class=\"th-model-tag\" style=\"display:inline-block; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">Model 01<\/span>\r\n <h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(1.75rem, 3vw, 2.4rem) !important; color: var(--th-charcoal) !important; margin-bottom: 1.25rem;\">Human Layer Kill Chain<\/h2>\r\n <p style=\"font-size: 1rem !important; font-weight: 300 !important; color: var(--th-muted) !important; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 1rem;\">The Human Layer Kill Chain (HLKC) models how attackers progress through the human layer of an organisation, from initial targeting through to exploitation and impact. Unlike purely technical kill chain models, the HLKC maps the psychological and behavioural mechanisms that attackers exploit and that defenders can act upon.<\/p>\r\n <p style=\"font-size: 1rem !important; font-weight: 300 !important; color: var(--th-muted) !important; line-height: 1.8;\">Each stage of the HLKC corresponds to a point where human behaviour determines the outcome of an attack, creating clear intervention points for training, policy, and response design.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div>\r\n <ul class=\"th-model-points\" style=\"margin-top: 3.5rem;\">\r\n <li>Maps attacker progression through human, not technical, vulnerabilities<\/li>\r\n <li>Identifies specific intervention points for training and response<\/li>\r\n <li>Grounded in real-world incident analysis and academic literature<\/li>\r\n <li>Published in Katos et al. (2025), arXiv preprint<\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <div style=\"margin-top: 1.25rem;\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2505.24685\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"btn-text\" rel=\"noopener\">Read the published paper →<\/a>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <!-- Full-width interactive HLKC -->\r\n <div style=\"margin-top: 2.5rem; border-radius: 16px; overflow: hidden; background: #f0f7f9; border: 1px solid #d0dfe4;\">\r\n <iframe\r\n src=\"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/Attack-Chain.html\"\r\n title=\"Human Layer Kill Chain \u2014 Interactive\"\r\n style=\"width: 100%; height: 540px; border: none; display: block;\"\r\n loading=\"lazy\"\r\n ><\/iframe>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-model-img-caption\" style=\"margin-top: 0.75rem;\">The Human Layer Kill Chain (HLKC) \u2014 Katos et al., 2025. Interactive model: explore each stage.<\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<!-- MODEL 2: HUMAN INDICATORS OF COMPROMISE -->\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<section class=\"th-section alt\">\r\n <div class=\"th-container\">\r\n <span class=\"th-label\">Model 02<\/span>\r\n <h2 class=\"th-title\">Human Indicators of Compromise<\/h2>\r\n <p class=\"th-body\" style=\"max-width:740px; margin-bottom: 2.5rem;\">Technical Indicators of Compromise (IoCs) are widely used in cybersecurity to detect that a breach has occurred or is in progress. Human Indicators of Compromise (HIOCs) extend that logic into the human layer: observable behavioural, psychological, and organisational signals that indicate a cyber incident is underway or has already affected an individual or team.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-grid\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-card\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-icon\">\r\n <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\r\n <path d=\"M10 3c-3.9 0-7 3.1-7 5.5 0 1.5.8 2.9 2 3.8L4.5 17l3-1.5a7.6 7.6 0 005 0L15.5 17l-.5-4.7C16.2 11.4 17 10 17 8.5 17 6.1 14 3 10 3z\" stroke=\"#b542fa\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <h4>Behavioural indicators<\/h4>\r\n <p>Changes in how an individual acts following a suspected incident, including hesitation, over-reporting, avoidance, or uncharacteristic secrecy around devices and accounts.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-card\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-icon\">\r\n <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\r\n <path d=\"M10 2a8 8 0 100 16A8 8 0 0010 2zm0 4v4m0 3h.01\" stroke=\"#b542fa\" stroke-width=\"1.75\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <h4>Psychological indicators<\/h4>\r\n <p>Stress responses, cognitive overload, and emotional reactions that impair incident reporting or decision-making, including shame, fear of blame, and paralysis.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-card\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-icon\">\r\n <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\r\n <path d=\"M17 10H3m14 0l-4-4m4 4l-4 4\" stroke=\"#b542fa\" stroke-width=\"1.75\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <h4>Communication indicators<\/h4>\r\n <p>Unusual patterns in how people communicate during or after an incident, including over-normalising suspicious events, delayed disclosure, or inconsistent accounts.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-card\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-icon\">\r\n <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\r\n <path d=\"M4 10h12M4 6h12M4 14h8\" stroke=\"#b542fa\" stroke-width=\"1.75\" stroke-linecap=\"round\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <h4>Decision-making indicators<\/h4>\r\n <p>Atypical choices made during an incident, such as bypassing normal reporting channels, making unauthorised payments, or dismissing warnings without escalation.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-card\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-icon\">\r\n <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\r\n <path d=\"M9 11l3 3 5-6M4 7h3m-3 4h3m-3 4h3\" stroke=\"#b542fa\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <h4>Organisational indicators<\/h4>\r\n <p>Cultural and structural signals that increase human-layer risk, including a blame culture that suppresses reporting, unclear escalation paths, or low psychological safety.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-card\">\r\n <div class=\"th-hioc-icon\">\r\n <svg width=\"18\" height=\"18\" viewBox=\"0 0 20 20\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\r\n <path d=\"M10 2l2.4 4.9 5.4.8-3.9 3.8.9 5.4L10 14.4l-4.8 2.5.9-5.4L2.2 7.7l5.4-.8L10 2z\" stroke=\"#b542fa\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"\/>\r\n <\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <h4>Recovery indicators<\/h4>\r\n <p>Signs that individuals or teams are struggling to return to normal function following an incident, including sustained anxiety, rumination, reduced performance, and social withdrawal.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-citation-box\">\r\n <span class=\"th-citation-label\">How HIOCs connect to the HLKC<\/span>\r\n <p class=\"th-citation-ref\">HIOCs are not independent of the HLKC. Each category of human indicator maps to a specific stage of the Human Layer Kill Chain, enabling responders to identify not only that something has happened but where in the attack progression the human element was compromised. This mapping is built into the CSD Toolkit's playbooks and response guidance.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<!-- MODEL 3: MALICIOUS CAMPAIGNS -->\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<section class=\"th-section\">\r\n <div class=\"th-container\">\r\n\r\n <span class=\"th-model-tag\">Model 03<\/span>\r\n <h2 class=\"th-title\" style=\"margin-bottom: 1rem;\">Attack Vectors and the Human Layer<\/h2>\r\n <p class=\"th-body\" style=\"max-width: 760px; margin-bottom: 2.5rem;\">Different malicious campaign types exploit the human layer in different ways and at different stages of the kill chain. Each follows a distinct human-layer pathway, targeting specific vulnerabilities in cognition, trust, and access behaviour.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <!-- Inline malicious campaigns visualization -->\r\n <div style=\"\r\n font-family: 'Nunito', sans-serif;\r\n background: #f5f8f9;\r\n border-radius: 18px;\r\n padding: clamp(28px, 4vw, 56px);\r\n position: relative;\r\n overflow: hidden;\r\n border: 1px solid #d0dfe4;\r\n \">\r\n\r\n <!-- Background glow -->\r\n <div style=\"position:absolute; top:-120px; right:-100px; width:420px; height:420px; border-radius:50%; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#78f7f5 0%,#8fa6f6 38%,#b542fa 100%); filter:blur(120px); opacity:0.14; pointer-events:none;\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- Header row -->\r\n <div style=\"position:relative; display:flex; align-items:flex-end; justify-content:space-between; gap:24px; margin-bottom:32px; flex-wrap:wrap;\">\r\n <div>\r\n <div style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:700 !important; font-size:12px !important; letter-spacing:0.16em; text-transform:uppercase; color:#9a30dc !important; margin-bottom:12px;\">Human risk intelligence<\/div>\r\n <div style=\"font-family:'Tilt Neon','Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:400 !important; font-size:clamp(26px,4vw,48px) !important; line-height:1.05; letter-spacing:-0.01em; color:#16282e !important; margin:0;\">Malicious campaigns<\/div>\r\n <p style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:300 !important; font-size:16px !important; line-height:1.6; color:#506b74 !important; margin:12px 0 0; max-width:600px;\">How modern social-engineering attacks actually unfold, step by step. Most don't start with broken code. They start with a moment of trust.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div style=\"flex:none; text-align:right; padding-bottom:4px;\">\r\n <div style=\"font-family:'Tilt Neon','Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:18px !important; color:#26424c !important; line-height:1; letter-spacing:-0.01em;\">3 attack types<\/div>\r\n <div style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:300 !important; font-size:13px !important; color:#93a8ae !important; margin-top:4px;\">23 steps mapped<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- Three cards grid -->\r\n <div style=\"position:relative; display:grid; grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(240px,1fr)); gap:20px; align-items:start;\">\r\n\r\n <!-- Romance Scam -->\r\n <div style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #d9e1e4; border-radius:16px; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(22,40,46,0.07);\">\r\n <div style=\"height:4px; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#78f7f5 0%,#8fa6f6 38%,#b542fa 100%);\"><\/div>\r\n <div style=\"padding:22px 22px 24px;\">\r\n <div style=\"display:flex; align-items:center; gap:10px; margin-bottom:16px;\">\r\n <div style=\"flex:none; width:38px; height:38px; border-radius:10px; background:#faf2ff; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center;\">\r\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#9a30dc\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><path d=\"M19 14c1.49-1.46 3-3.21 3-5.5A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 16.5 3c-1.76 0-3 .5-4.5 2-1.5-1.5-2.74-2-4.5-2A5.5 5.5 0 0 0 2 8.5c0 2.3 1.5 4.05 3 5.5l7 7Z\"\/><\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div style=\"font-family:'Tilt Neon','Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:400 !important; font-size:18px !important; color:#16282e !important; margin:0; letter-spacing:-0.01em;\">Romance scam<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <ol style=\"margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none;\">\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#c566fb !important; min-width:16px;\">1<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Research dating platforms and identify vulnerable profiles<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#c566fb !important; min-width:16px;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Analyse emotional vulnerabilities (recent loss, loneliness)<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#c566fb !important; min-width:16px;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Create attractive fake profiles with stolen or deepfake photos<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#c566fb !important; min-width:16px;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Initial contact and emotional connection<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#c566fb !important; min-width:16px;\">5<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Build deep emotional dependency<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#c566fb !important; min-width:16px;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Request financial help with fabricated emergency<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#c566fb !important; min-width:16px;\">7<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Delete profile and online presence<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ol>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- Business Email Compromise -->\r\n <div style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #d9e1e4; border-radius:16px; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(22,40,46,0.07);\">\r\n <div style=\"height:4px; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#78f7f5 0%,#8fa6f6 38%,#b542fa 100%);\"><\/div>\r\n <div style=\"padding:22px 22px 24px;\">\r\n <div style=\"display:flex; align-items:center; gap:10px; margin-bottom:16px;\">\r\n <div style=\"flex:none; width:38px; height:38px; border-radius:10px; background:#effefe; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center;\">\r\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#149e9c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect x=\"2\" y=\"4\" width=\"20\" height=\"16\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"m22 7-8.97 5.7a1.94 1.94 0 0 1-2.06 0L2 7\"\/><\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div style=\"font-family:'Tilt Neon','Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:400 !important; font-size:18px !important; color:#16282e !important; margin:0; letter-spacing:-0.01em; line-height:1.15;\">Business email compromise<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <ol style=\"margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none;\">\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#45e3e0 !important; min-width:16px;\">1<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Gather organisation information and employee data<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#45e3e0 !important; min-width:16px;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Profile target executives<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#45e3e0 !important; min-width:16px;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Create spoofed email address<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#45e3e0 !important; min-width:16px;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Establish legitimacy<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#45e3e0 !important; min-width:16px;\">5<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Deploy urgency payment request<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#45e3e0 !important; min-width:16px;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Execute fund transfer<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ol>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <!-- Ransomware -->\r\n <div style=\"background:#ffffff; border:1px solid #d9e1e4; border-radius:16px; overflow:hidden; box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgba(22,40,46,0.07);\">\r\n <div style=\"height:4px; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#78f7f5 0%,#8fa6f6 38%,#b542fa 100%);\"><\/div>\r\n <div style=\"padding:22px 22px 24px;\">\r\n <div style=\"display:flex; align-items:center; gap:10px; margin-bottom:16px;\">\r\n <div style=\"flex:none; width:38px; height:38px; border-radius:10px; background:#fce4e7; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center;\">\r\n <svg width=\"20\" height=\"20\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#df4759\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\"><rect x=\"3\" y=\"11\" width=\"18\" height=\"11\" rx=\"2\"\/><path d=\"M7 11V7a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v4\"\/><\/svg>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div style=\"font-family:'Tilt Neon','Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:400 !important; font-size:18px !important; color:#16282e !important; margin:0; letter-spacing:-0.01em;\">Ransomware<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <ol style=\"margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none;\">\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#df4759 !important; min-width:16px;\">1<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Identify low-value target or employee<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#df4759 !important; min-width:16px;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Create malicious email<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#df4759 !important; min-width:16px;\">3<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Create spoofed PDF attachment<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#df4759 !important; min-width:16px;\">4<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Send email<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#df4759 !important; min-width:16px;\">5<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">CVE exploitation (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures)<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#df4759 !important; min-width:16px;\">6<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Malicious executables and persistence<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#df4759 !important; min-width:16px;\">7<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Establish HTTP channel<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#df4759 !important; min-width:16px;\">8<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Deliver ransomware note<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline; border-bottom:1px solid #f0f4f5;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#df4759 !important; min-width:16px;\">9<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Payment negotiation<\/span><\/li>\r\n <li style=\"display:flex; gap:10px; padding:6px 0; align-items:baseline;\"><span style=\"flex:none; font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:800 !important; font-size:12px !important; color:#df4759 !important; min-width:16px;\">10<\/span><span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:13px !important; line-height:1.45; color:#3a565f !important;\">Crypto payment support<\/span><\/li>\r\n <\/ol>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div><!-- \/grid -->\r\n\r\n <!-- Footer strip -->\r\n <div style=\"position:relative; display:flex; align-items:center; gap:8px; margin-top:28px;\">\r\n <div style=\"width:22px; height:22px; border-radius:6px; background:linear-gradient(135deg,#78f7f5 0%,#8fa6f6 38%,#b542fa 100%); flex:none;\"><\/div>\r\n <span style=\"font-family:'Tilt Neon','Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-size:14px !important; color:#26424c !important; letter-spacing:-0.01em;\">Cyber Innovations<\/span>\r\n <span style=\"font-family:'Nunito',sans-serif !important; font-weight:300 !important; font-size:13px !important; color:#93a8ae !important; margin-left:2px;\">the human side of cyber<\/span>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div><!-- \/campaigns visualization -->\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<!-- STKP -->\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<section class=\"th-section alt\">\r\n <div class=\"th-container\">\r\n <div class=\"th-model-grid\">\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-model-img-wrap\">\r\n <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/STKP.png\" alt=\"Sociotechnical Kill Plane\" loading=\"lazy\">\r\n <div class=\"th-model-img-caption\">The Sociotechnical Kill Plane \u2014 integrating HLKC with the Cyber Kill Chain<\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-model-content\">\r\n <span class=\"th-model-tag\">Model 04<\/span>\r\n <h2>Sociotechnical Kill Plane<\/h2>\r\n <p>The Sociotechnical Kill Plane (STKP) combines the Human Layer Kill Chain with Lockheed Martin's Cyber Kill Chain to create a unified, two-dimensional model of attacks. The vertical axis maps the technical progression of an attack; the horizontal axis maps the human layer. The intersection reveals the sociotechnical attack surface.<\/p>\r\n <p>The STKP makes visible what single-dimension models miss: that technical and human attack vectors are not separate pathways, but interact at every stage of a real-world incident.<\/p>\r\n <ul class=\"th-model-points\">\r\n <li>Unifies human and technical kill chains in a single model<\/li>\r\n <li>Reveals the sociotechnical attack surface for any incident type<\/li>\r\n <li>Enables more targeted training, policy, and response design<\/li>\r\n <li>Interactive version available on the Cyber Innovations website<\/li>\r\n <\/ul>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/2025\/06\/30\/interactive-socio-technical-kill-plane\/\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"btn-text\">Explore the interactive STKP →<\/a>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<!-- HOW THE MODELS CONNECT -->\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<div class=\"th-connect\">\r\n <div class=\"th-connect-inner\">\r\n <div>\r\n <span class=\"th-label\" style=\"color: var(--th-aqua) !important;\">How the models work together<\/span>\r\n <h2 style=\"font-size: clamp(1.6rem, 3vw, 2.1rem) !important; color: var(--th-white) !important; margin-bottom: 1.25rem;\">From attack to response: a joined-up framework<\/h2>\r\n <p style=\"font-size: 1rem !important; font-weight: 300 !important; color: rgba(255,255,255,0.78) !important; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 1.5rem;\">The HLKC, HIOCs, and STKP are not separate models to be used independently. They are designed to work together, giving organisations a complete picture of the human attack surface and the tools to act on it at every stage.<\/p>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/cyber-self-defence\/\" class=\"btn-aqua\">See how CSD applies these models<\/a>\r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-connect-flow\">\r\n <div class=\"th-connect-step\">\r\n <span class=\"th-connect-step-num\">01<\/span>\r\n <div>\r\n <strong>Map the attack surface<\/strong>\r\n <p>Use the STKP to identify where human and technical vulnerabilities intersect in your organisation's specific threat context.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-connect-arrow\">\u2193<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-connect-step\">\r\n <span class=\"th-connect-step-num\">02<\/span>\r\n <div>\r\n <strong>Identify the human layer stages<\/strong>\r\n <p>Use the HLKC to understand which stages of an attack your people are most exposed to, and where intervention will have the most impact.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-connect-arrow\">\u2193<\/div>\r\n <div class=\"th-connect-step\">\r\n <span class=\"th-connect-step-num\">03<\/span>\r\n <div>\r\n <strong>Recognise and respond<\/strong>\r\n <p>Apply HIOCs to detect human-layer compromise in real time and use CSD training and Toolkit resources to respond with confidence.<\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<!-- CITATION AND PUBLICATIONS -->\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<section class=\"th-section\">\r\n <div class=\"th-container\">\r\n <span class=\"th-label\">Publications<\/span>\r\n <h2 class=\"th-title\">Cite the research<\/h2>\r\n <p class=\"th-body\">These models are published and available for use in academic, policy, and practice contexts. If you use the HLKC, HIOCs, or STKP in your own work, please cite the primary paper below.<\/p>\r\n\r\n <div class=\"th-citation-box\">\r\n <span class=\"th-citation-label\">Primary Reference<\/span>\r\n <p class=\"th-citation-ref\">\r\n Katos, V., Rosenorn-Lanng, E., et al. (2025). <em>The Human Layer Kill Chain: A Framework for Modelling Human-Layer Cyber Attack Progression.<\/em> arXiv preprint arXiv:2505.24685.\r\n <br><br>\r\n Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2505.24685\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2505.24685<\/a>\r\n <br><br>\r\n A DOI-assigned journal publication is in progress. In the interim, the arXiv preprint is the citable version.\r\n <\/p>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<!-- CTA BANNER -->\r\n<!-- \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 -->\r\n<section class=\"th-cta-banner\">\r\n <div class=\"th-container\">\r\n <h2>See the theory in action<\/h2>\r\n <p>Cyber Self Defence is built on these models. Explore how the HLKC and HIOCs translate into practical training, playbooks, and ongoing resilience resources.<\/p>\r\n <div class=\"th-cta-btns\">\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/cyber-self-defence\/\" class=\"btn-primary\">Explore Cyber Self Defence<\/a>\r\n <a href=\"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/contact\/\" class=\"btn-outline-white\">Book a Discovery Call<\/a>\r\n <\/div>\r\n <\/div>\r\n<\/section>\r\n\r\n<\/div><!-- end .ci-theory -->\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Theory Behind CSD | Cyber Innovations Ltd. Research Foundation The theory behind Cyber Self Defence Cyber Self Defence is […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"no-sidebar","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"full-width-container","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"disabled","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"disabled","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-130","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/130","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=130"}],"version-history":[{"count":80,"href":"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/130\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":903,"href":"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/130\/revisions\/903"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cyberinnovations.co.uk\/ci\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=130"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}